To investigate the response of corn to combined application of chemical fertilizers with rhizobacteria plant growth promoting, an experiment was conducted in 2017 at Research farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Tehran University, Karaj, Iran, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Four nutritional treatments including T1 (Control treatment without applying fertilizer), T2 (Just PGPRs), T3 (Use chemical fertilizers based on soil test) and T4 (T3 + PGPRs) were considered. According to the results, the highest total dry weight (3.9 kg/m2), crop growth rate (79.8 g.m-2.day-1), net assimilation rate (15.3 g.m-2.day-1) and grain yield (18.2 ton.ha-1) were observed in T4 treatment and T2 treatment produced the highest  leaf area index (5.3), leaf area duration (205.2) and specific leaf weight (78.5 g.m-2) . Also, the lowest value of all traits was observed in in T1 (control) treatment. The results showed that the presence of rhizobacteria plant growth promotioninduction in the corn nutrition program increased the growth and growth indices of the plant. Combined application of chemical fertilizers with rhizobacteria plant growth promoting resulted in the highest growth and final grain yield of corn.

Leaf growth and development characteristics are important factor for grain yield. In order to genetic analysis of Leaf growth and development characteristics of rice, a linkage map provided from F2 rice mapping population caused Gharib × Khazar and 111 microsatellite markers. Total number leaf, Days to flag leaf, leaf emergence rate, grain weight, grain number, length and width of flag leaf and branches number were mapped. qGW-1b, qFG-1b and qWFL-7 were identified as major effect on chromosome 1 and 7 and explained 14.30, 13.70 and 20.32% of total variation of grain weight, filled grain and width of flag leaf, respectively. The most of variation of total leaf number explained by 2 QTLs (over than 20%). According to these result, we can produced rice lines that have low vegetative growth periods and high total leaf number.

Maternal effects on growth traits of 3872 lambs born from 182 rams and to 2274 ewes during 1994 - 2002 in Moghani Sheep Breeding Station were investigated using maternal model and restricted maximum likelihood procedures. Traits were birth weight (BWT), and body weights at 3 (BWT3M), 6 (BWT6M), 9 (BWT9M) and 12 (BWT12M) months of age. With or without taking into effect. The maternal effects, six different animal models were fitted and likelihood ratio test applied to determine the most appropriate model. For BWT, direct additive genetic, maternal additive genetic and maternal permanent environmental effects without a fitting of covariance between direct and maternal additive genetic effects were important. For this trait, estimates of direct heritability (h2a ), maternal heritability (h2m) and maternal permanent environmental variance as a proportion of the phenotypic variance ( pe2) were 0.172 ±0.022, 0.058±0.045 and 0.131±0.038, respectively. For BWT3M and BWT6M, the important sources of variations were direct as well as maternal additive genetic effects. Estimates of h2a and h2m were 0.044±0.037 and 0.075 for BWT3M, and 0.083±0.024 & 0.075±0.040 for BWT6M. None of the maternal effects influenced BWT9M and BWT12M. For these traits, h2a figures were 0.376±0.037 and 0.227±0.059, respectively. Direct additive genetic correlations varied from 0.209 (between BWT and BWT6M) to 0.604 (between BWT and BWT3M). These estimates for maternal additive genetic correlations ranged from 0.574 (between BWT and BWT6M) to 1.000 (between BWT3M and BWT6M). The corresponding estimates for phenotypic correlations varied from 0.168 (between BWT and BWT12M) to 0.843 (between BWT6M and BWT9M).

Black Bengal goat is the heritage and one of the potential genetic resources of Bangladesh. Least-squares means for body weights at birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age were 1.09, 5.12, 8.02, 10.92 and 14.47 kg, respectively. Sex of the kid has significant (P<0.05) effect on body weights at 6, 9 and 12 months of age. Type of birth and parity of the dam has significant (P<0.01) effect on birth weight only, whereas season of birth affected (P<0.05) all the body weight traits. Heritability estimates for body weights at birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age were 0.45, 0.47, 0.45, 0.49 and 0.47, respectively. Genetic correlations between body weight traits ranged from 0.34 to 0.83, whereas phenotypic correlations ranged from 0.34 to 0.90. The high heritability estimates obtained for body weights indicated that mass selection would generate substantial selection responses at all stages of growth.

The data on 6772 growth records of Sirohi goats maintained at All India Coordinated Research Projecton Sirohi goat at Livestock Research Station, Vallabhnagar, Udaipur, India, and recorded between 2004 and 2016, were analysed to study the growth related traits and their genetic control. The overall least squares means of body weight at birth, W3M, W6M, W9M, W12M, were 2. 34 ± 0. 03, 12. 44 ± 0. 19, 16. 31 ± 0. 22, 20. 08 ± 0. 47 and 25. 09 ± 0. 40 kg, respectively while least-squares means for pre-and post-weaning average daily gains were 113. 66 ± 2. 15 and 46. 17 ± 0. 94 g/day, respectively. The various non-genetic factors exhib-ited variable effects on the growth traits at different phases of age. Cluster and period of birth had signifi-cant effect on all growth traits. Season of birth had significant effect except birth weight. Summer born kids heavier and higher body weight and pre-and post-weaning gains than winter and rainy season born kids. Males had a higher weight and higher daily gain than females at almost all stages of growth. Kids of primi-parous dams had significantly lower birth weight as compared to multiparous dams’ kids. Single born kids had a distinct advantage over those born in multiple births at all stages of growth. The regression on dam’ s weight at kidding were positive significant for all stages of growth traits. The heritability estimates of all body weights and weight gains at different stages of growth were moderate (0. 16-0. 28), except for post-weaning average daily gain, which had low heritability (0. 07± 0. 01). The phenotypic and genetic correla-tions among the different growth traits were positive and high, except for phenotypic correlation between pre-and post-weaning gains which was negative. Four non-linear growth models, viz., Gompertz, Brody, Logistic and Von Bertalanffy were used to describe the growth pattern in Sirohi kids based on the growth parameters. The highest R2 value and lowest mean absolute error (MAE), akaike’ s information criteria (AIC) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values were observed in Brody model.

Quails have suitable properties such as rapid growth and high quality of meat. In this study, polymorphism of exon two of the gene encoding Growth Hormone (GH) and its association with growth traits in the Japanese quail were investigated. For this purpose, blood samples were taken from 150 Japanese quails and genomic DNA was extracted using Pronase method. Then, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was executed to amplify a 162 bp fragment of GH gene. Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) method was used to determine the patterns of genetic samples. The results of SSCP showed four different genotype patterns in the exon two region of GH gene. The frequencies of genotype patterns were 11. 64, 15. 75, 37. 67 and 34. 94%. Association of body weight with genotype patterns was analyzed using the SAS software. Our results indicated that there is no significant difference between the genotype patterns and body weight in any period of rearing. However, for association of gender effect on body weight, there was a significant difference in the age of 60 days (maturity) (P≤ 0. 05). Based on the multitude of genotypic patterns, the region in question in Japanese quail has a high diversity.

Background and objectives: The Markhoz goat is one of the most important breeds In Iran. These animals had an important cultural role in Kurdistan because the mohair obtained from these animals is used for making national clothes. The mating of related individuals produces an inbred offspring and leads to an increased homozygosity in the progeny, genetic variance decrease within families and increase between families. The ratio of homozygosity for individuals was calculated by inbreeding coefficient. The trend of inbreeding is an indicator for determination of inbreeding level in the herd. Result of researches showed increasing of inbreeding resulted to decrease of phenotypic value in some of production and reproduction traits. So the aims of this study were estimation of inbreeding coefficients and its effects on birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), average daily gain to weaning (ADG), 6 month weight (6MW), 9 month weight (9MW) and yearling weight (YW) of Markhoz goats.Materials and methods: In this study, pedigree data of 4186 Markhoz goats which were collected from 1992-2012 by Markhoz Goat breeding center located in Sanandaj, were used. Inbreeding coefficient was estimated by the CFC software program. Inbreeding depressions in growth traits were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method under 12 animal models that animal and dam’s inbreeding coefficients added to models as a covariate. The most appropriate model for each trait was determined by Akaike’s information criterion (AIC).Results: The 58.07% of animal were inbred. The mean inbreeding coefficient for the herd and inbred population was 3.03 and 5.21% respectively. Maximum inbreeding coefficient was 31.25%. The 47.04% of animal was inbreeding coefficient between 0 to 10 percent.553 head of dams were inbred and inbreeding coefficient for the whole and inbred dams was 2.05 and 4.91% respectively. Inbreeding coefficient was increased 0.24±0.04 percent in each year (P<0.01). Inbreeding depression per 1 percent increase in individual inbreeding for BW, WW, ADG, 6MW, 9MW and YW were -0.5±1.57, -20.20±7.21, -0.11±0.13, -30.49±12.38, +9.49±17.87 and -58.67±24.40 gr, respectively. Inbreeding depression per 1 percent increase in dam inbreeding for these traits were -0.05±2.08, -6.62±9.74, -0.03±0.16, -13.90±9.76, -39.27±13.59 and -49.37±25.12 gr, respectively.Conclusion: Estimated inbreeding coefficients for this breed showed high degree of close mating in this flock and due to significant effect of inbreeding on some growth traits it is suggested that this breeding station should use a breeding plan to avoid mating of close relative animals.

The study was designed to investigate the relationship between growth trait and biometric traitsin Baluchi sheep. This study was conducted to estimate the genetic and phenotypic biometric traitsincluding daily gain (ADG) and height at withers (HW), height at back (HB), body length (BL),heart girth (HG), leg girth (LG) and testis girth (TG) in Baluchi sheep. Total data of 4542 recordsfrom six experimental herds of Jahad Organization Research Centre of Mashhad County werecollected since 2001 to 2011. Data were analyzed using General Linear Model (GLM) of SAS. Forthe estimation of genetic parameters and genetic correlation between traits, animal model uni andmulti-trait by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) of WOMBAT 32 (Meyer 2007) have beenused. The mean heritability of ADG, BL, HG, HW, HB, TG and LG traits was estimated 0.13±0.01,0.11±0.06, 0.21±0.07, 0.17±0.06, 0.32±0.1 and 0.2±0.06 respectively. The results of the currentstudy showed that the TG trait has the highest heritability. The estimations shows geneticimprovement will be predictable in biometric traits of Baluchi sheep. The genetic correlationbetween traits was positive, ranged between 0.15-0.97. Moreover, phenotypic correlation waspositive and was estimated in range of 0.32 to 0.94.

For genetic progress evaluation of growth traits, the pedigree information of 12140 Raeini Cashmere goats in Raeini Chashmere goats breeding station from 1990 to 2010 were used. Investigated traits were included birth weight, weaning weight, 6 month weight, 9 month weight and 1 year weight. Variance components and genetic parameters of each trait was estimated by restricted maximum likelihood and six animal models using Wombat software. Direct heritability of birth weight, weaning weight, 6 month weight, 9 month weight and 1 year weight were 0. 24, 0. 29, 0. 33, 0. 35 and 0. 37 respectively. Breeding values of animals for each trait was estimated using univariate animal model. Phenotypic, genetic and environmental trends of traits were estimated via regression of phenotypic value, breeding value and difference of breeding value from phenotypic value on the year of birth. Genetic trend of birth weight, weaning weight, 6 month weight, 9 month weight and 1 year weight were estimated 16. 71, 85. 83, 105. 16, 123. 67 and 122. 53 gr/year respectively (p<0. 01). The genetic gain of traits including birth weight, weaning weight, 6 month weight, 9 month weight and 1year weight were estimated 0. 483, 0. 561, 1. 767, 1. 647 and 1. 465 Kg respectively. Regarding to positive genetic trends estimated for growth traits for Raeini goats, the livestock selection program, based on the breeding value in this breed, seems to lead to a good genetic improvement and this strategy should continue.